A miscarriage is defined as a pregnancy loss occurring during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. An early pregnancy loss is defined as a pregnancy loss that occurs during gestational weeks 0–12 (the first trimester). About 15–20% of pregnancies end in pregnancy loss, with the majority—approximately 80%—occurring in the first trimester. Early pregnancy loss is most commonly caused by fetal chromosomal abnormalities.[1]

Interstitial cystitis (IC), also known as bladder pain syndrome, causes a reduced bladder capacity accompanied by symptoms of frequent, painful urination, and may or may not include blood in the urine (either seen by the naked eye or identified by urinalysis). The theory behind IC primarily emphasizes bladderwall inflammation as the root cause of symptoms. On physical examination, individuals with IC often have no physical findings, but a vague suprapubic (an area of the abdomen, just above the top of the pubic bone) tenderness may be present. The urinalysis (urine test) is often negative but may identify small/trace amounts of blood within the urine.[1]

In pregnancy, there are three trimesters, spanning over nine months. Postpartum is sometimes referred to as the “fourth trimester” and can be divided into three distinct phases.