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Mouth Health, Microbial Dysbiosis, and the Connection to Systemic Health and Disease

Jacqueline Van…
BSc, Naturopathic Intern

15 June 2021
English

 

 

 

 

Our knowledge of connections between the human microbiome, immune system, and disease continue to evolve. Gut microbiota are influential in the health of our bodies and function to both increase immune-system function and suppress colonization of pathogens. Communication between the enteric and central nervous system, or lack thereof, is a significant contributor to overall health. A healthy homeostatic balance (eubiosis) is necessary for nutrient conversion, vitamin formation, immune tolerance, and hepatic and neurological health. Mouth HealthDiets high in unhealthy fats, refined flours, and sugars create an optimal environment for pathogens, where they can resist oxidative stress and outcompete other bacteria, therefore changing the composition of microbiota and leading to a pathogenic imbalance called dysbiosis. Dysbiosis precedes several systemic and chronic conditions such as colorectal cancer, diabetes, mental-health disorders, and auto-immune diseases (such as systemic lupus erythematous and rheumatoid arthritis). Certain bacterial drivers induce DNA damage in epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract, immune-system dysfunction, proinflammatory signaling, and molecular mimicry.

Dysbiosis can begin in the mouth (beginning as periodontitis or endodontic infections) and plays a large role in the translocation of pathogens. Cytokines produced by oral bacteria can travel to the lower respiratory tract, leading to pneumonia, or other distant sites to form atherosclerotic plaques and complex biofilms, which are surface-associated microbial communities that can lead to debilitating symptoms during chronic infections. Factors that contribute to pathogen migration include nutrient availability, host immune exposure, oxygen content, and temperature. Healthy gut microbiota produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetate and butyrate, as well as other energy sources that are optimal for cell maintenance and immune activity. They also directly compete with poor gut microbiota for nutritional and physical niches, therefore preventing pathogen colonization. Current treatments for dysbiosis include fecal microbiota transplants, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics.