感染疾病与健康 Ludovic Brunel ND https://elevatedhealthcare.ca/ 1 December 2020 语言 简体中文 我们一家人自去年春天以来就没有生过病。我们有两名年幼子女，一个尚未读书，另一个现正就读幼儿园，以前我们一家每一年通常都会患上几次感冒，特别在这个季节期间。统计数据显示儿童每年患上感冒的次数可以多达八至十次。[1] 另一方面，这是一个好消息：在这样长的时间之内没有患上伤风或感冒，这样应该算不上有什么问题。但事实上却相反，因为社交距离减慢了病毒和病菌的传播速度。 根据「卫生理论」，当已发展国家发生自体免疫力疾病和过敏症的个案增加，患病的发生率便会降低。[1] 研究证明在婴儿出生后的六个月之内接受日间护理的话，其后患上湿疹或哮喘的风险会大幅降低。[2] 动物研究也支持这个理论，指出自体免疫力疾病的个案上升时，会较少出现受感染的情况。[4] 基本上，与我们相关的传染原保护我们避免患上多种免疫相关疾病。 免疫系统在正常发展时，特别对于儿童，需要在正常情况下接触微生物。根据某些研究，已发展国家在过去一个世纪之内的哮喘个案有上升趋势。[5] 在过去三十年之间，工业化国家出现湿疹的个案同样急剧上升，现时影响 15-30% 的儿童和 2-10% 的成人。[ii] 自体免疫疾病的个案也同样增加，尤其是发炎性肠道疾病﹑一型糖尿病及多发性硬化症。[iii] 虽然我们未能是明当中的因果关系，但是当中有强烈的关系。 现时全球还有过敏性疾病的人超过十亿，预计问题在 2050 年会影响多达四十亿人。[8] 其中一个严重的问题，包括所有年龄的人士在内，患者总共有三千万人。[9] 动物研究显示可引起感染的呼吸道病毒可预防哮喘。[10] 当然不会有人建议您应该更常生病。这里的意思并非预防生病，乃是减少患病的次数以及患病造成的影响，以便免疫系统更好地运作并预防过敏及自体免疫疾病。有研究观察免疫系统面对感染的影响，指出有益的细菌和微生物群（居住在人体内或可以在人体中找到的所有微生物）对调节免疫功能的正面关系。[11] 含有健康活细菌的益生菌已被证实对维持正常免疫反应特别有帮助。[12]有回顾研究证明服用益生菌补充品的儿童较少患上呼吸道感染。[i] 当科学家团队回顾 23 个涉及超过 6,000 名儿童的临床研究后，发现益生菌可明显减少至少一种呼吸道感染的风险。服用益生菌补充品的儿童较少需要请病假。 益生菌不但对预防疾病有效，研究也显明它们可改善自体免疫疾病的症状。临床研究已证明，用益生菌调节肠道中的细菌可改善类风湿性关节炎﹑溃疡性结肠炎﹑红斑狼疮和多发性硬化症病人的肠胃道症状和炎症。[13] 当提及平衡免疫系统时，另一种有效的天然补充品就是维生素D了。身体吸收维生素D主要来自太阳。研究证明接触日光过少是引起某些病人死亡的主要原因，并且与增加患某些癌症和心脏病等疾病的机会，这些疾病都与免疫系统的功能有某程度的关连。[i] 现代人大部分时间处于室内，因此一般人体内的维生素D水平都偏低，从而大幅增加维生素D缺乏症的出现。根据 2009 年 8 月至 2011 年 11 月之间进行的加拿大健康标准调查，结果显示有 32% 的加拿大人缺乏维生素D3，即是血液之中的维生素D标志物在每 25 (OH)D3 之中少于 50 nmol/L。[15] 维生素D缺乏症常见于某几种自体免疫力疾病的患者中，包括多发性硬化症﹑一型糖尿病及红斑狼疮病人。[16] 有多项研究证明多种免疫细胞上有维生素D受体，因此维生素D对免疫系统有相当的影响。[17] 维生素D能调节多种细胞的生长和分化，从而帮助调节免疫反应。[18] 可减少涉及炎症的免疫细胞之产量，对预防止体免疫力疾病有重要的功用。[19] 现时有越来越多证明显示维生素D缺乏症可增加上呼吸道感染和患上流感的风险。[20] 有一项研究显示，学童每天接受2,000 IU 维生素D后，患感冒的风险由18.6%减少至10.8%。[21] 这样难怪有些专家要求缺乏维生素D的人口实时采取行动。[22] 为了减少呼吸道感染引起的并发症以及减少形成慢性疾病的风险，我们要明确地指出维持良好免疫反应的重要性。卫生理论和科学证明轻微的呼吸道感染有助预防过敏和自体免疫性疾病。此外，服用益生菌和维生素D补充品已被证实可维持健康和平衡我们的免疫系统。 为了提升免疫力，我们也需要注意维持健康的关键要点。研究已证明多做运动﹑维持健康的体重﹑不要吸烟和进食更多蔬菜等生活方式因素，可改善健康和减少出现感染后对身体造成负面影响。[23] References : [1] [No author mentioned]. “Common infections and your child.” Caring for Kids · https://www.caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/health-conditions-and-treatments/common_infections_and_your_child · Updated 2018‑08. 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